Treatment of tegumentary leishmaniasis in two hemodialysis patients with end-stage renal disease using two series of pentamidine

Abstract In this study, we present two cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis in patients with end-stage renal disease, who were treated solely with intramuscular pentamidine. In such cases, treatment implies a fine line between therapeutic efficacy and toxicity. This is suggestive of a knowledge gap; however, findings indicate that this is still the fastest and safest alternative to the treatment with antimonials. Also, it can help avoid the side effects that occur upon using antimonials.

Tegumentary leishmaniasis mimicking visceralization in a cirrhotic patient: atypical cutaneous lesions and local immunological features

Abstract Tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) diagnosis is challenging due to the lack of a gold standard diagnostic tool. The diagnosis is significantly harder in regions where visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is also prevalent since immunological tests may present cross-reactivity. A cirrhotic patient from an endemic Brazilian region for TL and VL presented with atypical cutaneous lesions, a usual clinico-laboratory feature of VL (including a positive rk39 test result), but he was diagnosed with TL histopathologically; VL was ruled out by necropsy. Physicians working in co-prevalent areas should be aware of atypical features, unusual clinical course, and unexpected laboratory findings of leishmaniasis.

Neurohistoplasmosis y leishmaniasis cutánea en paciente inmunocompetente / Neurohistoplasmosis and cutaneous leishmaniasis in an immunocompetent patient

La histoplasmosis y la leishmaniasis son enfermedades olvidadas, endémicas en Argentina, y generalmente se asocian a inmunocompromiso. Presentamos el caso de un varón de 16 años, inmunocompetente, con histoplasmosis del sistema nervioso central y leishmaniasis cutánea. Inicialmente, el paciente presentó una lesión en la pierna de un mes de evolución seguida de paraparesia leve, diagnosticada como un proceso de desmielinización mediante estudios de imágenes. El cuadro fue tratado con altas dosis de corticoides y en 72 horas evolucionó a paraparesia grave con lesiones nodulares en las vértebras cervicales, observadas en las imágenes de resonancia magnética nuclear. Se aisló Histoplasma capsulatum de líquido cefalorraquídeo, genotípicamente identificado como perteneciente a la especie filogenética LamB. El paciente recibió tratamiento intravenoso con anfotericina B deoxicolato durante 30 días y posteriormente fluconazol e itraconazol oral durante un año. A los tres meses de iniciado el tratamiento con antifúngicos se reactivó la lesión de la pierna y en el examen directo se observaron amastigotes de Leishmania. La leishmaniasis cutánea fue tratada con antimoniato de meglumina intramuscular. La respuesta clínica al tratamiento de ambas enfermedades fue favorable.

Histoplasmosis and leishmaniasis are neglected and endemic diseases in Argentina, and generally are found associated with immunosuppression. We report the case of an immunocompetent 16-years-old man with simultaneous occurrence of central nervous system histoplasmosis and cutaneous leishmaniasis. Upon admission, the patient showed a one-month old skin lesion in a leg and mild paraparesis. Imaging studies detected thickening and edema in the spinal cord and the cerebrospinal fluid analysis was within normal range. The case was diagnosed as a demyelinating disorder and treated with high-dose short-term steroids. Seventy-two hours later the patient showed severe paraparesis and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging revealed nodular lesions in the spinal cord. Histoplasma capsulatum belonging to the phylogenetic species LamB was isolated from cerebrospinal fluid samples. The patient received intravenous antifungal therapy with amphotericin B for 30 days, followed by oral fluconazole and itraconazole for one year. Three months after initiation of antifungal treatment, the cutaneous lesion recrudesced and Leishmania amastigotes were observed on microscopic examination. The cutaneous leishmaniasis was treated with intramuscular meglumine antimoniate. The patient´s outcome was favorable after treatment for both diseases.

American tegumentary leishmaniasis: severe side effects of pentavalent antimonial in a patient with chronic renal failure

Abstract: Pentavalent antimonials are the first-line drug treatment for American tegumentary leishmaniasis. We report on a patient with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis who presented with cutaneous lesions of leishmaniasis for four months. The patient was treated with intravenous meglumine under strict nephrological surveillance, but cardiotoxicity, acute pancreatitis, pancytopenia, and cardiogenic shock developed rapidly. Deficient renal clearance of meglumine antimoniate can result in severe toxicity, as observed in this case. These side effects are related to cumulative plasma levels of the drug. Therefore, second-line drugs like amphotericin B are a better choice for patients on dialysis.

Clinico-immunological spectrum of American tegumentary leishmaniasis and leprosy coinfection: A case series in Southeastern Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) and leprosy share common areas of prevalence, but reports of coinfection are scarce. METHODS: We report a series of 9 ATL-leprosy cases and discuss the association. An integrative diagram to analyze the clinico-immunological features of coinfection with both diseases. RESULTS: Nine patients with leishmaniasis (5 cutaneous, 3 mucocutaneous, 1 disseminated case) exhibited concurrent infection with distinct clinical forms of leprosy. Our diagram-based analysis evidenced a divergent clinico-immunological spectrum for each disease in 8 out of 9 cases. CONCLUSIONS: The spectrum of ATL-leprosy comorbidity suggests that the host has a specific immune response against each pathogen.

Avaliação do potencial terapêutico de membranas de celulose bacteriana contendo dietilditiocarbonato (DECT)na infecção experimental por L. brasilienses / Evaluation of the therapeutic potential of diethyldithiocarbonate-containing bacterial cellulose membranes (DECT) in experimental infection by L. brasilienses

A leishmaniose continua sendo um problema de saúde pública mundial. As opções terapêuticas limitadas, a toxicidade dos fármacos disponíveis e os relatos de resistência reforçam a necessidade do desenvolvimento de novas opções terapêuticas. Neste contexto, nós demonstramos previamente que o dietilditiocarbamato (DETC), um inibidor da enzima superóxido dismutase1 (SOD1), pode diminuir a infecção por L. braziliensis, in vivo. Neste trabalho, nós testamos o DETC numa formulação tópica empregando membranas de celulose bacteriana (BC-DETC). O tratamento de macrófagos murinos infectados por Leishmania com BC-DETC resultou na morte dos parasitas intracelulares de forma direta e dose-dependente, sem evidência de efeito tóxico para as células hospedeiras. A morte parasitária, in vitro, foi associada com a diminuição da atividade da SOD1, em paralelo com o aumento da produção de superóxido e decitocinas pró-inflamatórias. A eficácia de BC-DETC, in vivo, foi demonstrada em camundongos BALB/c infectados com L. braziliensis. A aplicação tópica de BC-DETC à lesão cutânea diminuiu significativamente a úlcera na orelha e a carga parasitária no sítio de infecção. Adicionalmente, a resposta inflamatória, avaliada pela expressão de IFN-γ e TNF-α, foi suprimida in situ, bem como na resposta de memória (recall) usando células do linfonodo drenante. Finalmente, BC-DETC foi capaz de reduzir a carga parasitária em macrófagos humanos, um efeito que foi revertido na presença de antioxidante. Conjuntamente, estes resultados apontam para a viabilidade do uso de BC-DETC como uma nova formulação para a quimioterapia da leishmaniose cutânea causada por L. braziliensis.

Leishmaniasis remains a worldwide public health problem. The limited therapeutic options, drug toxicity and reports of resistance reinforce the need for the development of new treatment options. Among these options, we previously showed that diethyldithiocarbamate (DETC), a superoxide dismutase 1 inhibitor (SOD1), can decrease L. braziliensis infection, in vivo. Herein, we tested DETC in a topical formulation employing bacterial cellulose membranes (BC-DETC). Treatment of leishmania-infected murine macrophages with BC-DETC resulted in a direct and dose-dependent killing of intracellular parasites, without pronounced toxic effects to host cells. In vitro parasite killing was associated with decreased SOD1 activity paralleled by increased superoxide and pro inflammatory cytokine production. In vivo efficacy of BC-DETC was then demonstrated in L. braziliensis-infected BALB/c mice. Topical application of BC-DETC to dermal lesions significantly decreased ear thickness and parasite load at the infection site. Additionally, the inflammatory response, namely expression of IFN-γ and TNF-α, was down modulated in situ as well as in recall responses employing draining lymph node cells. Finally, BC-DETC was also capable of decreasing parasite load within human macrophages, an effect that was reversed in the presence of anti-oxidants. Collectively, these results point to the feasibility of using BC-DETC as a new topical formulation for the chemoprophylaxis of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. braziliensis.

Kidney involvement in leishmaniasis ? a review

Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania transmitted by insects of the genus Lutzomyia sp. or Phlebotomus sp. The main syndromes are cutaneous leishmaniasis, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. This article reviews kidney involvement in cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis, highlighting the aspects of their pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, histopathological findings, outcome and treatment.

Decreased memory T-cell response and function in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with tegumentary leishmaniasis

The effects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on the immune response in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis have not yet been fully delineated. This study quantified and evaluated the function of memory T-cell subsets in response to soluble Leishmania antigens (SLA) from patients coinfected with HIV and Leishmania with tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL). Eight TL/HIV coinfected subjects and 10 HIV seronegative subjects with TL were evaluated. The proliferative response of CD4+and CD8+T-cells and naïve, central memory (CM) and effector memory (EM) CD4+T-cells in response to SLA were quantified using flow cytometry. The median cell division indices for CD4+and CD8+T-cells of coinfected patients in response to SLA were significantly lower than those in patients with Leishmania monoinfection (p < 0.05). The proportions of CM and EM CD4+T-cells in response to SLA were similar between the coinfected patients and patients with Leishmania monoinfection. However, the median CM and EM CD4+T-cell counts from coinfected patients were significantly lower (p < 0.05). The reduction in the lymphoproliferative response to Leishmania antigens coincides with the decrease in the absolute numbers of both EM and CM CD4+T-cells in response to Leishmania antigens in patients coinfected with HIV/Leishmania.

Variables associated with the post-treatment healing of lesions in patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Paraná state, Brazil / As variáveis associadas com a cicatrização pós-tratamento de lesões em pacientes com leishmaniose tegumentar americana no estado do Paraná, Brasil

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of several variables to the healing of lesions in patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL). The patients with clinical and/or laboratorial diagnoses of the disease were followed up for varying periods after treatment by clinical evaluation and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), from September 2000 to December 2003. The lesions of 85.3 percent of the 163 patients had healed by their last return for clinical evaluation, and of these, 82.7 percent had negative IFA results, indicating an association between the healing of lesions and IFA negativity (p=0.000). In patients evaluated up to 120 days after treatment, there was a significant association between negative IFA results and the healing of lesions (p=0.0000). Logistic regression analysis showed that negative IFA results on patients' first return after treatment predicted a 2.175 fold greater chance of lesion healing (p=0.0001). These results indicate an association between IFA negativity at the first return up to a period of 120 days, and the healing of lesions, and that the chances of healing are significantly higher in patients with negative IFA results at their first return after treatment.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associação de algumas variáveis para a cicatrização de lesões em pacientes com leishmaniose tegumentar americana (LTA). Os pacientes com diagnóstico clínico e laboratorial foram acompanhados depois do tratamento por avaliação clínica e reação de imunofluorescência indireta (IFI), de setembro de 2000 a dezembro de 2003. Dos 163 pacientes 85,3 por cento apresentaram cicatrização das lesões no último retorno para a avaliação clínica e 82,7 por cento destes tiveram a IFI negativa indicando uma associação entre a cicatrização das lesões e a negativação da IFI (p=0,000). Nos pacientes acompanhados até 120 dias depois do tratamento houve associação significativa entre os resultados negativos da IFI e a cicatrização das lesões (p=0,0000). A análise pela regressão logística mostrou que quando a IFI do primeiro retorno após o tratamento foi negativa, o paciente tinha 2,175 mais chance de cicatrização (p=0,0001). Os resultados mostram associação entre a negativação da IFI e a cicatrização das lesões quando o primeiro retorno foi até 120 dias e que as chances de cicatrização são significativamente maiores nos pacientes que apresentaram IFI negativa no primeiro retorno depois do tratamento.

Is an increased body mass index associated with a risk of cutaneous leishmaniasis? / O índice de massa corporal aumentado é associado a risco de leishmaniose cutânea?

All adults (n = 334) living in Brejo do Mutambal, an endemic area for cutaneous leishmaniasis, were included in this study. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, it was observed that men (23.7 ± 3.2 vs. 22.1 ± 2.6 kg/m²) and women (24.1 ± 4.7 vs. 22.5 ± 3.4 kg/m²) with cutaneous leishmaniasis presented higher body mass index than the controls.

Neste estudo, foram incluídos todos (nº =334) os adultos morando em Brejo do Mutambal, região endêmica para leishmaniose cutânea. Contrário à hipótese inicial, observou-se que homens (23,7 ± 3,2 vs. 22,1 ± 2,6kg/m²) e mulheres (24,1±4,7 vs. 22,5±3,4kg/m2) com leishmaniose cutânea apresentaram maior índice de massa corporal que os controles.

Manifestações otorrinolaringológicas relacionadas à Leishmanisoe Tegumentar Americana: revisão de literatura / Otorhinolaryngologic manifestations relating American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis: literature review

Introdução: A LTA é um problema de Saúde Pública que acomete principalmente as cavidades nasal, oral e mais raramente faringe, laringe e orelha, provocando desfiguração dessas mucosas e levando não só ao acometimento da saúde do indivíduo, mas também a estigmas sociais. Objetivo: Estudo de revisão sobre as Afecções Otorrinolaringológicas relacionadas à Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana (LTA). Método: Foi realizado por levantamento de dados nas bases SCIELO, MEDLINE, BIREME e livros médicos. Conclusão: O conhecimento a respeito das doenças endêmicas tropicais relacionadas às vias aéreas superiores e a compreensão das suas relações com a otorrinolaringologia são de extrema importância para a resolutividade dessas lesões, bem como para prevenir as deformidades causadas nas estruturas acometidas.

Introduction: American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis is a Public Health problem that most commonly affects nasal and oral cavities and less commonly pharynx, larynx and ears, causing these mucouses' disfiguration and leading not only to one's health loss but also to social stigma. Objective: Review study about Otorhinolaryngological affections relating American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL). Method: Study made by research from SCIELO, MEDLINE and BIREME databases and from medical books. Conclusion: The Knowledge about tropical endemic diseases relating to the upper respiratory passages and the understanding of their relation with otorhinolaryngology are extremely important for solving these lesions, as well as preventing the deformities caused on the affected structures.

L. (L.) chagasi in aids and visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) co-infection / L. (L.) chagasi em lesões cutâneas na co-infecção aids-calazar

Concomitant skin lesions in visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala-azar are rare, being more common the description of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis occurring post treatment of kala-azar. Skin lesions caused by Leishmania donovani are frequently seen in the aids-VL co-infection. In Brazil cutaneous or mucosal forms of tegumentary leishmaniasis concomitant with aids are more commonly registered. Here we present a case of aids-VL co-infection, with unusual cutaneous and digestive compromising attributed to L. (L.) chagasi, with special attention to ecthymatous aspect of the lesion, allied to the absence of parasite on the histological skin biopsy.

Lesões cutâneas, na vigência da leishmaniose visceral (LV) ou calazar, são raramente observadas, sendo mais comum a ocorrência após o tratamento do calazar, conhecidas como lesões dérmicas pós calazar. Lesões cutâneas causadas por Leishmania donovani são freqüentemente observadas na co-infecção AIDS-LV. No Brasil, a concomitância das formas cutânea ou mucosa da leishmaniose tegumentar com a AIDS é mais comumente relatada. A seguir, relata-se um caso de co-infecção AIDS-LV com inusitado comprometimento digestivo e cutâneo, atribuído a L. (L.) chagasi, chamando a atenção para o aspecto ectimatóide da lesão cutânea, aliado à ausência do parasito ao exame histopatológico da pele.

Distribution Frequency of Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Cutaneus Leishmaniasis Lesions

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitic disease characterized by single or multiple ulcerations. Secondary bacterial infections are one of the complications that can increase the tissue destruction and the resulting scar. To better determine the incidence of real secondary bacterial infections in CL, we designed the current study. This was a cross-sectional study performed in Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Centre, Isfahan, Iran. A total of 1,255 patients with confirmed CL enrolled in the study. Sterile swaps were achieved for ulcer exudates and scraping was used for non-ulcerated lesions. All samples were transferred to tryptic soy broth medium. After 24 hr of incubation at 37degrees C they were transferred to eosin methylene blue agar (EMB) and blood agar. Laboratory tests were used to determine the species of bacteria. Among 1,255 confirmed CL patients, 274 (21.8%) had positive cultures for secondary bacterial infections. The bacteria isolated from the lesions were Staphylococcus aureus in 190 cases (69.3%), coagulase negative Staphylococcus in 63 cases (23.0%), E. coli in 10 cases (3.6%), Proteus sp. in 6 cases (2.2%), and Klebsiella sp. in 5 cases (1.9%). The results show that the overall incidence of secondary bacterial infections in the lesions of CL was 21.8%, considerably high. The incidence of secondary bacterial infections was significantly higher in ulcerated lesions compared with non-ulcerated lesions.

Lacrimal excretory system sequelae in patients treated for leishmaniasis

A leishmaniose pode destruir os tecidos nasais resultando em alterações da via lacrimal excretora.OBJETIVO: Avaliar a ocorrência de alterações do sistema lacrimal excretor em portadores de leishmaniose na fase de pós-tratamento. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada a avaliação da via lacrimal excretora em 45 portadores de leishmaniose tratada (90 vias lacrimais) pelo teste de Jones I. Treze pacientes (26 ductos nasolacrimais) tiveram o teste de Jones I alterado, tendo sido submetidos a dacriocistografia e endoscopia nasal. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos indivíduos avaliados apresentava a leishmaniose na forma cutânea (64,4%). Entretanto, 69,23% dos indivíduos com alteração do sistema lacrimal excretor apresentavam a forma mucocutânea antes do tratamento. A alteração mais freqüentemente detectada foi ducto nasolacrimal permeável e dilatado (92,30%). Apenas 3,84% (1/26) das vias lacrimais estavam obstruídas. A endoscopia nasal mostrou hipertrofia de corneto (53,84%), desvio de septo (53,84%) e perfuração do septo nasal (23,07%). CONCLUSÃO: Em portadores de leishmaniose tratada encontra-se como seqüela mais freqüente no sistema excretor lacrimal as vias lacrimais permeáveis e dilatadas.

New developments in diagnosis of leishmaniasis.

In this review recent advances made in the field of human leishmaniasis have been discussed with special emphasis on the parasite, and various serological and molecular methods of diagnosing the infection. The article also reviews various modes of parasite transmission including vector borne, blood transfusion, needle sharing, sexual and person-to-person. Microbiological methods including the bone marrow, spleen, liver, lymph node aspirations and various staining methods used to demonstrate the amastigotes of the parasites and various in vitro promastigote culture methods are discussed in detail with their comparative sensitivity rates.